Skip to main content

Surface Tension

 Surface tension 






is the tendency of fluid surfaces to shrink into the minimum surface area possible. Have you noticed when you fill a glass up to the brim with water, you can still add a few more drops till it spills out? Or have you ever broken a thermometer and observed how the fallen mercury behaves? All these happen due to the surface tension of the surface. Let us understand the concept, surface tension definition along with its SI unit, formula and examples.



What is Surface Tension?

According to the definition of surface tension, it is the phenomenon that occurs when the surface of a liquid is in contact with another phase (it can be a liquid as well). Liquids tend to acquire the least surface area possible. The surface of the liquid behaves like an elastic sheet.

“Surface tension is the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimise surface area”.

Surface tension not only depends upon the forces of attraction between the particles within the given liquid but also on the forces of attraction of solid, liquid or gas in contact with it. The energy responsible for the phenomenon of surface tension may be thought of as approximately equivalent to the work or energy required to remove the surface layer of molecules in a unit area. 

Surface tension is typically measured in dynes/cm, the force in dynes is required to break a film of length 1 cm. 

Given below in a table is the surface tension of various liquids:

Liquid

Surface Tension (N/m)

Hydrogen

2.4

Helium

0.16

Water

0.072

Ethanol

22.0

Sodium Chloride

114

 


Surface tension definition lets us know that the surface tension mainly depends upon the forces of attraction between the particles within the given liquid and also upon the gas, solid, or liquid in contact with it.





What Causes Surface Tension?

Intermolecular forces such as Van der Waals force, draw the liquid particles together. Along the surface, the particles are pulled toward the rest of the liquid. Surface tension is defined as,

The ratio of the surface force F to the length L along which the force acts.

Mathematically, surface tension can be expressed as follows:

T=F/L

Where,

  • F is the force per unit length
  • L is the length in which force act
  • T is the surface tension of the liquid

What is the Unit of Surface Tension?

The SI unit of Surface Tension is Newton per Meter or N/m. Check other units in the table provided below.

SI Unit
N/m
CGS Unit
dyn/cm

Dimension of Surface Tension

As we know, surface tension is given by the formula,

Surface tension = F/L

We know that F = ma, substituting the value in the equation, we get

=ma/L

Equating the fundamental quantities into the equation, we get

=MLT-2L-1

Solving further, we get

=MT-2

Hence, the dimensional formula of surface tension is MT-2.


Examples of Surface Tension

Water striders, which are small insects, can walk on water as their weight is considerably less to penetrate the water surface. Like this, there are various examples of surface tension which are found in nature. Some cases are provided below:

  • Insects walking on water
  • Floating a needle on the surface of the water.
  • Rainproof  tent materials where the surface tension of water will bridge the pores in the tent material
  • Clinical test for jaundice
  • Surface tension disinfectants (disinfectants are solutions of low surface tension).
  • Cleaning of clothes by soaps and detergents which lowers the surface tension of the water
  • Washing with cold water
  • Round bubbles where the surface tension of water provides the wall tension for the formation of water bubbles.
  • This phenomenon is also responsible for the shape of liquid droplets.

How to Calculate Surface Tension?

Here is an example for calculating surface tension by using the formula.

Compute the surface tension of a given liquid whose dragging force is 7 N and the length in which the force acts is 2 m?

Solution:

Given,

  • F = 7 N
  • L = 2 m

According to the formula,

T = F/L

⇒ T = 7/2

⇒ T = 3.5 N/m

Labels:

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

THE NO-SLIP CONDITION

 THE NO-SLIP CONDITION Fluid flow is often confined by solid surfaces, and it is important to understand how the presence of solid surfaces affects fluid flow. We know that water in a river cannot flow through large rocks, and must go around them. That is, the water velocity normal to the rock surface must be zero, and water approaching the surface normally comes to a complete stop at the surface. What is not as obvious is that water approaching the rock at any angle also comes to a complete stop at the rock surface, and thus the tangential velocity of water at the surface is also zero. Consider the flow of a fluid in a stationary pipe or over a solid surface that is nonporous (i.e., impermeable to the fluid). All experimental observations indicate that a fluid in motion comes to a complete stop at the surfaceand assumes a zero velocity relative to the surface. That is, a fluid in direct contact with a solid “sticks” to the surface, and there is no slip. This is known as the no-s...
Post a Comment
Read more

A BRIEF HISTORY OF FLUID MECHANICS

 A BRIEF HISTORY OF FLUID MECHANICS 1 One of the first engineering problems humankind faced as cities were developed was the supply of water for domestic use and irrigation of crops. Our urban lifestyles can be retained only with abundant water, and it is clear from archeology that every successful civilization of prehistory invested in the construction and maintenance of water systems. The Roman aqueducts, some of which are still in use, are the best known examples. However, perhaps the most impressive engineering from a technical viewpoint was done at the Hellenistic city of Pergamon in present-day Turkey. There, from 283 to 133 bc, they built a series of pressurized lead and clay pipelines (Fig. 1–9), up to 45 km long that operated at pressures exceeding 1.7 MPa (180 m of head). Unfortunately, the names of almost all these early builders are lost to history. The earliest recognized contribution to fluid mechanics theory was made by the Greek mathematician Archimedes (285–212 bc...
Post a Comment
Read more

capillary rise

A liquid of density  ρ ρ  and surface tension  σ σ  rises in a capillary of inner radius  r r  to a height h = 2 σ cos θ ρ g r h = 2 σ cos ⁡ θ ρ g r where  θ θ  is the contact angle made by the liquid meniscus with the capillary’s surface. The liquid rises due to the forces of adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. If adhesive force (liquid-capillary) is more than the cohesive force (liquid-liquid) then liquid rises as in case of water rise in a glass capillary. In this case, the contact angle is less than 90 deg and the meniscus is concave. If adhesive force is less than the cohesive force then liquid depresses as in case of mercury in a glass capillary. In this case, the contact angle is greater than 90 deg and the meniscus is convex. The formula for capillary rise can be derived by balancing forces on the liquid column. The weight of the liquid ( π r 2 h ρ g π r 2 h ρ g ) is balanced by the upward force due to surface tension ( 2 π r σ cos θ ...
Post a Comment
Read more